Career Strategies for Success - 6136 Words

The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0959-6119.htm Hotel managers’ career strategies for success Christos Akrivos Department of Tourism Management, Greek Open University, and Department of Business Administration, Athens Technological Institution, Athens, Greece Career strategies for success 107 Adele Ladkin ICTHR, School of Services Management, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK, and Panayiotis Reklitis Department of Business Administration, Patras Technological Institution, Patras, Greece Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore career strategies used by Greek hotel managers in order to advance their careers successfully.†¦show more content†¦The present research integrates the previous studies, including the prevailing theories in general on leadership characteristics. Importantly, the above research ï ¬ ndings are tested in Greece, which is a major employer. In order to achieve its aims, the paper is organized in the following way. First, a discussion of career success and career strategies in relation to chief executive ofï ¬ cers (CEOs) is presented as a background to the present research, as there are parallels in the roles and responsibilities between these occupations. Career success and strategies speciï ¬ c to hotel managers are then outlined. The research methodology for the research is explained, followed by a presentation on the results of the survey. Results are provided in the areas of career strategies used by the hotel ma nagers, and conclusions outlining the relevance of the ï ¬ ndings for industry are discussed. Career success and strategies of CEOs Because of the perceived and actual importune of a CEO’s job, there is a wealth of research that has explored career success and career strategies that can help to achieve success for CEOs. At the individual level career success is related to acquisition of wealth and power along with personal satisfaction (Gattiker and Larwood, 1990, 1988, Judge et al., 1995; Poole et al., 1993). The knowledge of what someone hasShow MoreRelatedHow Career Success Is Defined By Student1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of the report What career success means varies among people. One of the most vastly used definition is ‘The evolving sequence of a person’s work experiences over time’ (Arthur et al., 1989). This report attempt to discover how career success is defined by student, the features that indicate it and the strategies that lead to it. Sample and procedure At the start of the course we were formed into groups. Each group has to sit and design an interview questions to conduct twoRead MoreLearning Team Deliverable Week 3 1055 Words   |  5 Pagesfollowing highlights of this week’s discussions: determining organizational development theories and applications; differentiating between mentoring and executive coaching; identifying the major components of employee training; and comparing career development strategies. Organizational Development Theories and Applications Organizational development (OD) focuses on the research, theory, and practices committed to increasing the knowledge and effectiveness of individuals to achieve positive and successfulRead MoreTraining Needs Assessment, Evaluation, Success, And Organizational Strategy And Effectiveness1035 Words   |  5 Pages(2000). Training needs assessment, evaluation, success, and organizational strategy and effectiveness: An exploration of the relationships. (Doctoral dissertation, Utah State University. Logan, UT). 2. Appelbaum, S.H., Ayre, H. Shapiro, B.T. (2002). Career management in information technology: A case study. Career Development International, 7(3), 142-158. 3. Arokiasamy, L., Ismail, M., Ahmad, A. Othman, J. (2011). Predictors of academics’ career advancement at Malaysian private universities.Read MoreCareer Advancement At Malaysian Private Universities Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagesof academics’ career advancement at Malaysian private universities. Journal of European Industrial Training, 35(6), 589-605. 4. Aryee, S. and Chen, Z.X. (2004). ‘Countering the trend towards a careerist orientation in the age of downsizing: test of a social exchange model’. Journal of Business Research, 57: 4, 321–328. Available at: http://nist.gov/mep/upload/Bridging-the-Skills-Gap_2012.pdf. [Accessed 12 December 2015]. 5. Bambacas, M. (2010). Organizational handling of careers influences managers’Read MoreFacing My Fears : Using Critical Thinking1236 Words   |  5 Pagesfound myself out of practice at being a student learner. For the last twelve years, I had put all of my energy into becoming a dominant leader in my career, using critical thinking strategies to demonstrate my management abilities. So when asked to write a paper that spoke of a time when a problem required the engagement of critical thinking strategies to be solved, I realized that I would be required demonstrate those skills in order to complete this assignment. This became my first educational assignmentRead MoreI Am Experiencing Through Self Assessment1674 Words   |  7 PagesPresently, I am experiencing through self – assessment which is continuous procedure that will lead me to choice settling on in my decisions Career. I accept profession fulfillment should come with a career where I will pursue and utilize m y skills, that fits with my interests and identity in accordance with my values. I will like to see myself setting up businesses as entrepreneur, beginning with family farm own business by restoring it with experience gained over the course of studied and ongoingRead MoreThe Human Resource Management Strategy Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesGoogles human resource management strategy maintains a compensation strategy that is very competitive. The compensation strategy focuses on addressing the interests of well performing employees at the company. The company’s career development program is designed in a way that ensures that all its employees are given considerable opportunities for their personal and professional career growth. This competitive compensation strategy and the career development programs which are very holistic enablesRead MoreChallenges And Strategies For Personal Success1243 Words   |  5 Pages Challenges and strategies for personal success Name Course Tutor Date Outline 1. Introduction 2. Personal and professional goals 3. Reasons for pursuing graduate studies 4. Challenges 5. Strategies to overcome the challenges 6. Milestones 7. Analysis of strengths and weaknesses 8. Improving communication 9. Conclusion 10. References Introduction Graduate school enhances the opportunity for an individual to achieve his or her personal and professional goalsRead MoreStudent Success Course For College1561 Words   |  7 Pagesdoing this student success course to hopefully become a well rounded student. The greatest take away was the strategies and tools I learned to help me succeed in life and in college as they were essential skills I lacked as a student. Helping me to build effective ways to get good grades in my other classes by building effective study habits then ineffective study habits I have been using previously. Thus I have improved in many ways than one in the many skills and strategies needed as a collegeRead MoreThe Relationship Between CTE And General Education1673 Words   |  7 Pagesthat aligned metrics assess a range of student knowledge and abilities that predict readiness for success in both college and careers. CTE courses often combine classroom-based instruction with work-based learning, internships, or apprenticeships. These approaches provide students with the opportunity to work with local employers, learning directly from those who have already established their careers. Exposure to the workplace allows students to learn employability skills, see how academic content

Analysis Of The Film Portrait Of Disability - 1977 Words

Portrait of Disability in the Film Industry Perceptions and stereotypes of people with disabilities have tended to remain the same over the past year, despite the continual progressing technology and legal rights. People with physical and mental disabilities are stigmatized because their bodies and minds do not reflect â€Å"the norm.† Different organizations and scholars have argued that the film industry in most of the cases has unjustly represented disabled people. Using the method of observation to analyze A Beautiful Mind (2001), Silver Linings Playbook (2012), The Intouchables (2012), and Me Before You (2016) one can point out those moments where these movies break or perpetuate the major stereotypes and myths about disability. Film†¦show more content†¦Despite of his psychiatric condition, Nash builds a relationships with Alicia, who is in love with him and has a totally outgoing personality; and his roommate, Charles who always support him. This movie breaks the stereotype that a disable person cannot be smart. Unfortunately, the film reaffirms the conception of the people as unable to adjust. Not always a disable person is a victim or has a miserable and negative life. Bipolar disorder is one disease that appears in movies often. Pat is a young man just out of a mental health center after being diagnosed with this illness. He is the main character in Silver Linings Playbook (2012. In the introduction of the film, Pat speaks to his court-ordered therapist Cliff Patel, and he reveals why he was hospitalized: one day he left his high school teaching job early because he got into a fight with the principal. After his stay in the health center, Pat decides to become a better person in order to recover the love of his ex-wife and his job as a professor. He starts to exercise and read books to entertain his mind. Pat later has another crisis where he hits his mother and father during an episode of anger. Later he apologizes to his parents and promises not to do it again saying that he is aware of his problem. He soon connects emotionally with a quirky young woman, who has struggled with her own mental health issues, largely brought on by her husband s death. They stablish a friendship and decided do not drink theirShow MoreRelatedKodak vs Fujifilm2955 Words   |  12 Pages14 shareholders, Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company was formed. In 1885, Eastman American Film opened overseas in London England, and the start of innovative worldwide company was. After hiring a fulltime chemist, unheard of in those times, the name Kodak was born and the Kodak camera was introduced into the market. The marketing slogan â€Å"You press the button we do the rest,† was the birth of snapshot photography. From 1889 until 1929, they had the only film, chemical, and research department forRead MoreThe Impact Of Direct Emotional Intelligence Instruction On High School Students3308 Words   |  14 Pagesthe results of the study before the end of the school year. Setting The setting of the study is a Christian school English classroom in which 19 sophomores (14 boys and 5 girls) meet for 45 minutes per day. Three students with diagnosed learning disabilities will participate. Eighteen students are white; one is African-American. The study consists of a series of twelve lessons over a period of five weeks. Each lesson involves an element of emotional intelligence or social/emotional learning whichRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesmost of the fastest-growing occupations percentagewise are related to information technology or health care. The increase in the technology jobs is due to the rapid increase in the use of information technology, such as databases, system design and analysis, and desktop publishing. The health care jobs are growing as a result of the aging of the U.S. population and workforce, a factor discussed later. Chapter 1 Changing Nature of Human Resource Management 5 FIGURE 1—1 The 10 Occupations withRead MoreMulticultural Education in a Pluralistic Society21691 Words   |  87 Pageskey to establishing and maintaining a system of stratification. Many people in the United States receive high or low rankings in the social stratification system on the basis of characteristics over which they have no control. Women, people with disabilities, the elderly, children, and people of color often receive low-prestige rankings. Ascribed status—one’s assignment to groups at birth— affects who is allowed entrance into the higher-ranking socioeconomic positions. However, not all white, able-bodiedRead MoreMba Solved Assignment Papers52670 Words   |  211 Pagesterm central tendency refers to the middle value or perhaps a typical value of the data, and is measured using the mean ,median ,or mode. Each of these measures is calculated differently, and the one that is best to use depends upon the situation. Analysis of data involves understanding of the characteristics of the data. The following are the important characteristics of a statistical data: Arithmatic mean:   The sum of all measurement divided by the number of object in data sent. In the mathematicalRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCharacteristics of the U.S. Workforce 41 †¢ Levels of Diversity 42 †¢ Discrimination 42 Biographical Characteristics 44 Age 44 †¢ Sex 46 †¢ Race and Ethnicity 48 †¢ Disability 48 †¢ Other Biographical Characteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity 50 Ability 52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities 56 Implementing Diversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse Employees 56 †¢ Diversity in Groups 58 †¢ EffectiveRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagespace), workers can be pushed to perform at higher levels—levels that they may have t hought were beyond their reach. Charlie Chaplin captured this aspect of mass production in one of the opening scenes of his famous movie Modern Times (1936). In the ï ¬ lm, Chaplin caricatured a new factory employee ï ¬ ghting to work at the machine-imposed pace but losing the battle to the machine. Henry Ford also used the principles of scientiï ¬ c management to identify the tasks that each worker should perform on the productionRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrateRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics

Basic US Naturalization Requirements

Naturalization is the voluntary process by which the status of U.S. citizenship is granted to foreign citizens or nationals after they have fulfilled the requirements established by Congress. The naturalization process offers immigrants a path to the benefits of U.S. citizenship. Under the U.S. Constitution, Congress has the power to make all laws regulating both the immigration and naturalization processes. No state can grant U.S citizenship to immigrants. Most people who legally enter the United States as immigrants are eligible to become naturalized U.S. citizens. In general, persons applying for naturalization must be at least 18 years old and must have lived in the United States for five years. During that five-year period, they must not have left the country for more than a total of 30 months or 12 consecutive months. Immigrants wishing to apply for U.S. citizenship are required to file a petition for naturalization and pass an examination demonstrating their ability to read, speak, and write simple English and that they have a basic knowledge of   American history, government, and the Constitution. In addition, two U.S. citizens who know the applicant personally must swear that the applicant will remain loyal to the United States. If the applicant successfully completes the requirements and examination for naturalization, he or she may take the Oath of Allegiance for Naturalized Citizens to become U.S. citizens. Except for the right to serve as president or vice president of the United States, naturalized citizens are entitled to all of the rights granted to natural-born citizens. While the exact process of naturalization can vary depending on each individuals situation, there are some basic requirements that all immigrants to the United States must meet before applying for naturalization. U.S. naturalization is administered by the U.S. Customs and Immigration Service (USCIS), formerly known as the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). According to the USCIS, the basic requirements for naturalization are: Be at least 18 years old at the time of filing Form N-400, Application for Naturalization. Be a permanent legal U.S. resident (have a green card) for at least 5 years. Have lived within the state or USCIS district with jurisdiction over your place of residence for at least 3 months prior to the date of filing Form N-400. Have continuous residence in the United States as a lawful permanent resident for at least 5 years immediately preceding the date of filing Form N-400. Be physically present in the United States for at least 30 months out of the 5 years immediately preceding the date of filing Form N-400. Be able to read, write, and speak basic English. Have a basic understanding of U.S. history and government (civics). Be a person of good moral character. Demonstrate an understanding of the principles and ideals of the U.S. Constitution. Civics Test All applicants for naturalization are required to take a civics test to prove a basic understanding of U.S. history and government. There are 100 questions on the civics test. During the naturalization interview, applicants will be asked up to 10 questions from the list of 100 questions. Applicants must answer at least six (6) of the 10 questions correctly to pass the civics test. Applicants have two opportunities to take the English and civics tests per application. Applicants who fail any portion of the test during their first interview will be retested on the portion of the test they failed within 90 days. English Speaking Test The ability of applicants to speak English is determined by a USCIS Officer during an eligibility interview on Form N-400, Application for Naturalization. English Reading Test Applicants are required to read at least one out of three sentences correctly to demonstrate an ability to read in English. English Writing Test Applicants must write at least one out of three sentences correctly to demonstrate an ability to write in English. How Many Pass the Test? Nearly 2 million naturalization tests were administered nationwide from October 1, 2009, through June 30, 2012. According to the USCIS, the nationwide overall pass rate for all applicants taking both the English and civics tests was 92% in 2012. According to the report, the average annual pass rate for the overall naturalization test has improved from 87.1% in 2004 to 95.8% in 2010. The average annual pass rate for the English language test improved from 90.0% in 2004 to 97.0% in 2010, while the pass rate for the civics test improved from 94.2% to 97.5%. How Long Does the Process Take? The average total time required to process a successful application for U.S. naturalization – from applying to being sworn in as a citizen – was 4.8 months in 2012. This represents a vast improvement over the 10 to 12 months required in 2008. Oath of Citizenship All applicants who successfully complete the naturalization process are required to take an Oath of U.S. Citizenship and Allegiance to the U.S. Constitution before being issued an official Certificate of Naturalization.

Workplace Violence Essay - 4282 Words

Workplace Violence According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), each week, an average of 20 workers are murdered and 18,000 are assaulted at work. Non-fatal assault’s at work result in millions of lost days and cost businesses’ millions of lost workdays. And the most disturbing finding homicide is the leading cause of death for women in the workplace. (http://www.ocpapsych.com/mtart4.htm). As a result, violence in the workplace has received considerable attention in the press and media and also in safety and health professionals. The Medical College of Georgia Administrative Policies and Procedures office of Primary Responsibility: Public Safety Division, pointed out that Workplace Violence shall†¦show more content†¦Job stress can lead to poor health and even injury. Third, negative affectivity, or attitude, refers to a person’s way of looking at the world. High levels of negatives affectivity have been shown to be statistically significant in predicting poor job performances. In other words, poor attitude tends to mean poor performance.(http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/violhomi.html). Perpetrators of workplace violence come from every level of society, so it’s not simply an economic or class issue. Some researchers suggest that workplace stress and feelings of unjust persecution seem to be the strongest factors. According to the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the factors that most often lead to stress on the job are poorly designed tasks that lack meaning, don’t use workers’ skills, and provide little sense of control, poor management style, so that there is poor communication and participation and a lack of family-friendly working conditions, too many work roles, with conflicting responsibilities and uncertain expectations, little or no job security, with a lack of opportunity for growth and promotion and a high risk of rapid change, and finally, environmental stress like dangerous, crowded, noisy, or polluted working environments. In combination, these stressful factors can throw people off balance, particular ly if they are already unstable or have difficulty dealing with other people. Even the stress of workingShow MoreRelatedWorkplace Violence And The Workplace2844 Words   |  12 PagesWorkplace Violence statics across the United States of America have been on a steady rise each year since the early 1990’s. Reports have consistently shown in recent years that than an average of 500 homicides and 1.5 million assaults occur each year in America, in the workplace. With those types of statics on the rise in America it’s clear that a Workplace Violence Program is essential to the health, welfare, safety, and security of our employees in the workplace. When enacting a Workplace ViolenceRead MoreWorkplace Violence And The Workplace1145 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace violence definition OSHA Fact Sheet (2012) states â€Å" workplace violence is a violence or the threat of violence against workers† (p.1). Workplace violence causes serious harm to employees or homicide that can lead to deaths. Act in any kind of shapes and forms such as: physical threat, threatening behavior, intention of assault and battery, verbal abuse, beating, stabbing, rape, shooting, being followed, psychological trauma, suicide, treat or obscene phone call/text, intimidation. WorkplaceRead MoreWorkplace Violence And The Workplace1396 Words   |  6 PagesWorkplace violence Workplace violence can be any act of physical violence, threats of physical violence, harassment, intimidation, or other threatening, disruptive behavior that occurs at the work site. Workplace violence can affect or involve employees, visitors, contractors, and other non-Federal employees. A number of different actions in the work environment can trigger or cause workplace violence. It may even be the result of non-work-related situations such as domestic violence or â€Å"road rageRead MoreWorkplace Violence1735 Words   |  7 PagesWorkplace violence is present in every nook and cranny of corporate America, affecting millions of Americans every year. Workplace violence is defined by the Occupational Safety Health Administration, OSHA, as any act or threat of physical violence, harassment, intimidation, or other threatening disruptive behavior that occurs at the work site. It ranges from threats and verbal abuse to physical assaults and even homicide. In 2011, there were over 2 two million reports and claims of workplaceRead MoreWorkplace Violence In The Workplace1071 Words   |  5 Pages INTRODUCTION: Violence in the workplace has become a major safety and health issue. Workplace violence is not limited to homicide. This type of violence includes behaviors and circumstances that threaten an employee s physical safety; such as: verbal threats, sexual or physical harassment, coercion, behavior changes, intimidation, stalking, telephone/email harassment, and history of aggression. â€Å"Workplace violence incidents have tripled in the last decade, and it is now the fastest-growing categoryRead MoreWorkplace Violence10377 Words   |  42 PagesUNLV Theses/Dissertations/Professional Papers/Capstones 5-1-2002 Workplace violence: A case study Robert F. White University of Nevada, Las Vegas Repository Citation White, Robert F., Workplace violence: A case study (2002). UNLV Theses/Dissertations/Professional Papers/Capstones. Paper 522. http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/522 This Capstone is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Scholarship@UNLV. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses/Read MoreWorkplace Violence And Its Effects On The Workplace834 Words   |  4 Pagesspecialists, medical attendants and assistants who manage psychiatric patients; individuals from crisis restorative reaction groups; and doctor s facility workers working in confirmations, crisis rooms, and emergency or intense consideration unit. This is violence committed by an aggressor who either gets administrations from or is under the custodial supervision of the influenced work environment or the casualty. The aggressors can be present or previous clients or customers, for example, travelers, patientsRead MoreWorkplace Violence2432 Words   |  10 PagesWORKPLACE VIOLENCE: A FORCE OF OVERALL CONCERN Adell Newman-Lee Criminology-CJ102-D04 December 3, 2003 THESIS: WORKPLACE AS IT RELATES TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE I INTRODUCTION: †¢ Crime and violence †¢ Workplace violence a major concern †¢ The three entities involved II STATISTICS †¢ The Bureau of Justice Statistics †¢ Statistics from 1992 to 1996 †¢ National Crime Victimization Survey and The Bureau of Labor Statistic III WORKPLACE VIOLENCE A LAW ENFORCEMENT ISSUE †¢ Responsibility of Law EnforcementRead More Workplace Violence Essay1030 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace Violence Workplace violence is a phenomenon that is now widely recognized as a social problem, which impacts all organizations. According to Department of Justice statistics for 1995, 21% of all violent crime occurred while the victim was either at work or traveling to or from work. Workplace Violence accounted for more than two (2) million violent Crimes annually from 1992-1997 (Kaufer 1-2). In this research paper I will provide an overview of workplace violenceRead MoreEssay on Workplace Violence620 Words   |  3 PagesWorkplace Violence Workplace violence can be defined as any action that can threaten the safety of an employee, impact the employees psychological or physical well being, or cause damage to a companys property. Workplace violence is not often talked about, but it does kill people. In the last decade it has become one of the leading causes of deaths in the workplace. The University

Biography of Gustav Mahler - 1054 Words

To Sibelius, Mahler expressed the belief that The symphony must be like the world. It must embrace everything. Biography Gustav Mahler, a late-Romantic Austrian composer, was born on July 7th, 1860 in what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now KaliÃ… ¡tÄ› in the Czech Republic. The region where Mahler spent his youth was strongly associated with the Czech independence movement. Being a Jew, Mahler had developed an everlasting sense of exile, illustrated by his famous quote I am thrice homeless, as a native of Bohemia in Austria, as an Austrian among Germans, and as a Jew throughout the world. Everywhere an intruder never welcomed. Mahler was considered by the public to be a great conductor with symphonies which were too long for their liking, while Mahler viewed himself as a composer, forced to spend most of his years conducting. His status as a conductor was unquestionably established, while his own pieces started to gain momentum after periods of immense neglect, which included a ban on their performance in a good deal of Europe throughout the Nazi era. As a composer, Mahler acted as a bridge between the 19th-century Austro-German tradition and the modernism of the early 20th century. Mahler is well known for his lengthy, deep, and painfully emotional works. He adored nature and all life within it, but due to his early exposure to the darkness life brings, a suicide and a brutal rape he witnessed, Mahler feared death. This duality is evident in just about all hisShow MoreRelatedA Biography Of Margaret S2193 Words   |  9 Pages A Biography of Margaret S. Mahler Krystal Williamson University of Holy Cross Abstract Born in Sopron, Hungary Margaret S Schà ¶nberger was a child with a troubled past. Her father, Gustav Schonberger, was a general practitioner and the chief public health officer for the district. Her mother, Eugenia Weiner, was a competent homemaker. Margaret had a younger sister by the name of Suzanne. The family was described as an upper middle class family, in which the children spoke HungarianRead MoreMahler’s Youth and a Brief Analysis of his Second Symphony Essay2020 Words   |  9 Pagesestablish a connection between the socio-political context and the young Mahler, based on situational logic. It is also necessary to recall Mahler’s childhood years to understand the whole effect of his work. Therefore, this paper will be divided into a) a brief recount of his childhood, b) a situational analysis of the socio-political factors of Vienna in 1875-1880, and c) a brief analysis of his 2nd Symphony.. Gustav Mahler was born on July 7, 1860 in Kalischt, on the Bohemian-Moravian border, however

Sustainable Procurement Policy Godrej Consumer Products

Question: Describe about the Sustainable Procurement Policy for Godrej Consumer Products. Answer: Introduction Godrej Consumer Products Limited (GCPL) is one of the largest and biggest home-grown personal and home care company in India. The company is focused on becoming a leader in fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) particularly in the emerging markets and thus company has continued to substantially grow in the sector. One of the GCPL critical pillars is the Godrej Groups Vision 2020 which is founded on environmental sustainability Good Green. Furthermore, the companys vision is based on a shared value principle; the vision has been instrumental in promoting the operating practices and policies that are key in improving the companys competitiveness while also enhancing social and economic conditions in communities within which the company operates. In accordance with the Good Green vision, the company aspires to establish a more employable Indian workforce, innovate for good and green products as well as build a greener India. The company also believes that business firms have the capacity of helping to solve social issues that are critical in the community whereas improving their competitive advantage in the marketplace. Sustainable procurement is defined as a process through which public organisations accomplish their needs for services and goods, works and utilities in a manner that satisfy value for money on an entire life-cycle with regard to benefit generation not only to the business firm, but also to whole society and the economy while at the same time significantly reducing negative effects to the environment (Meehan Bryde, 2011). This paper critically analyses Godrej Consumer Products Limiteds sustainable procurement policy in terms of its objectives, comprehensiveness, potential effectiveness, practical implementation and measurability. GCPL sustainable procurement objectives The companys sustainable objectives are grouped into four broad categories, including: To be ethically driven: the company strives to conduct its business operations in a transparent and fair manner while upholding integrity, honesty, high moral and ethical standards as well as respecting human rights (Singh, Bakshi, Mishra, 2015). The company has a strong belief that maintaining high ethical standards across the company is vital for establishing sound business relationship. In this regard, the company requires its suppliers to share a similar commitment as they conduct their trade. To be socially focused: GCPL is also strongly committed to supporting and ensuring sustainable development as well as business practices. For instance, the sustainable practices encompass the social performance criteria (Pai, 2013). The organisation also believes that it should play an important and profitable role within the larger society and the local community. As such, GCPL contributes towards economic and social development of the communities within which they operate and hence they also expect their suppliers pursue a similar course (Pai, 2013). To be green inspired: GCPL fully understand that environmental concerns are issues of today and thus they are real challenges that must be addressed in the now rather than later. For this reason, the company aims to making its value chain environmentally responsible and friendly. GCPL is robustly committed to complying with local environmental laws and regulations that are associated to the environment particularly in regions and countries that it has its operations as well as where they source products, services and materials (Singh, Bakshi, Mishra, 2015). The company operates with full knowledge of the scope and nature of operations of their suppliers varies and hence strongly emphasise on sustainability principles (Walker Philips, 2008). To be quality centred: the company is also committed to ensuring that quality is adhered to and manufacturing and product standards are relied upon is it is of great importance to the company. Comprehensiveness of GCPL Sustainability Policy Each of the companys sustainability objectives is expansively comprehensively defined to tackle various sustainability issues. For instance, the ethically driven principle encompasses business integrity and ethics that significantly addresses issues of conflict of interest; bribery, corruption, gifts and donations; confidentiality; restrictive and anti-competitive trade practices (Force, 2006). Business integrity in this regard ensures that the company as well as its suppliers undertake their business operations ethically. Similarly, the ethically driven objective also addresses human rights issues whereby GCPL prohibits forced and child labour; compensation and working hours; and discrimination (Ghoshal, 2011). GCPL suppliers must make sure that there is no discrimination in their hiring practices together with employment based on gender, race colour, nationality, sexual orientation, marital status and religion. The objective also encourages transparency and accountability, complian ce with the laws and regulations of the land (Brammer Walker, 2011). In accordance with the above discussion, the social focus objective is also comprehensively elaborated to encompass various operational guidelines that ensure sustainable procurement. For instance that company works to ensure that it has responsible conduct with stakeholders in that it deals fairly with suppliers/vendors, encourage diversity in the workforce, and engage and involve local communities (Rimmington, Carlton Smith, Hawkins, 2006). Furthermore, under the social focus objective, GCPL is determined to ensure employee health and safety, and local community development. Accordingly, to be green inspired GCPL has holistically defined whereby the company has positioned itself to offer green products produced through green processes through reduction of water intake and carbon emission, efficient systems and processes, minimising the usage of toxic and hazardous substances and materials, toxic waste disposal, and using renewable energy. Consequently, the green inspired objective encourages the company reduce, reuse and recycle; this is specifically employed to ensure zero waste to landfill, responsible resource consumption, and packaging material that reduce environmental impact. GCPL works to Adopt green initiatives and practices to help in the monitoring of the environmental performance with a singular of becoming environmental friendly. GCPL sustainable procurement is centred on quality whereby the company has installed quality management system that makes sure that company suppliers develop quality objectives, procedures, policies and have implemented certified Quality Management System by ISO authority. The company also expects its suppliers to give utmost significance on facility and machinery design, installation as well as maintenance and ensure verification of the same. Significantly important, suppliers are expected to have good manufacturing practices together with quality controls. Additionally, through quality centred GCPL has made strides in material management whereby the company requires its suppliers to have established practices for storage, handling and transportation of raw materials together with maximisation of risk prevention measures through proper handling of rejected items and good warehousing. Potential Effectiveness With regard to the comprehensiveness of GCPL sustainable procurement policy, the policy has effective potentials. The policy address all areas of sustainability and thus if fully implemented and adhered to, it will ultimately ensure sustainable procurement across the organisation. Ethical procurement practices that are defined with the policy expressively ensure that company suppliers adhere to the companys sustainable requirements. The social focus widely helps the company as well as its suppliers to be socially responsible to the localities within which they operate. Based on this, the policy has the potentiality of being effective when fully implemented. Practical Implementation and Measurability Policy applicability and implementation GCPL fully understands that their suppliers can be categorised differently based on their scale, services/products they supply, the type of raw materials they use, the corporate culture and their modes of operation. Taking this into consideration, the company has designed the procurement police in a way that it is fully acceptable and works for all suppliers; however, levels and types of compliance differ with regard to the supplier type together with the principles applicable to them. Given this understanding, GCPL requires its suppliers to establish internal policies, structures of governance, systems, and processes while also implementing any other sustainability measures that will ensure they fully adhere to the companys sustainability policy. Additionally, suppliers are required to disclose to GCPL their sustainability goals together with the measures they have put in place to meet the various principles stated within the policy. GCPL also is ready to work with their suppliers t o unearth any sustainability issues that are not in line with the companys expectations whereas helping them in addressing the identified gaps. Measuring/Monitoring and Reporting In accordance with GCPL sustainability policy, the company requires suppliers to monitor and report the steps made by them in ensuring their adherence to the policy. Furthermore, GCPL recommends that their suppliers install management systems and monitoring and reporting mechanisms wherever needed to effectively implement as well as manage sustainability objectives. As such, suppliers are expected to focus on a continual enhancement of their performance in order to comply with the sustainability policy. Conclusion Godrej Consumer Products Limited (GCPL) is regarded as the Indias biggest personal and home-grown care company. The company is focused on becoming a leader in first-moving consumer goods market. With regard to this broad objective, the company has established a sustainable procurement policy aimed at propelling it towards achieving the stated objective. This paper has critically analysed GCPL sustainable procurement policy by comprehensively analysing its sustainable objectives, the comprehensiveness of the policy, potential effectiveness of the policy, practical implementation and measurability of the policy. In accordance with the analysis, GCPL sustainable procurement policy is sound and essential for it to satisfy its sustainable procurement goals and objectives. Introduction Sustainable development is increasingly attracting massive attention and recognition from all corners business spheres as well as in governments and non-governmental organisations regardless of it being new for many business executives. In essence, sustainable development leave alone sustainable procurement is remains abstract to many. From a conventional setting, business organisations seek practicality and precision as the source for their planning efforts; sustainable development is a new concept that is not agreeable to simple and universal definition. It is dynamic and continually changes over time while responding to the societys evolving priorities as well as increased information. The businesss contribution to sustainable development role remains indefinite. Regardless of all businesses playing a role in sustainability agenda, their abilities vary by organisation size and sector. Many are times where some business executives consider making money as the principle objective of a company; however, in the current business environment, business expatriates recognise the broader significance of sustainability and social responsibility. There is no consensus among business executives as to how to achieve the best balance between the broader good of the society and the narrow self-interests. In this regard, business organisations are unendingly confronted between what they need to trade off what they would like to do and what they must do in pursuit for financial survivability. Sustainable procurement is a process through which public as well as private organisations accomplish their needs for services and goods, works and utilities in a manner that satisfy value for money on an entire life-cycle with regard to benefit generation not only to the business firm, but also to whole society and the economy while at the same time significantly reducing negative effects to the environment. Following this understanding, this individual case study report, using Finland-Helsinki: Business Services: Law marketing, Consulting, Recruitment, Printing, and Security (Tender Notice) discusses how to present the business case to the decision maker, procurements strategies for sustainable development, and how to design the specifications and tender documents to enhance the tender. Similarly, the report also brings to light how to prepare contracts to ensure sustainability and strategic outcomes, designing contract administrations and management regimes to make sure that susta inable outcomes are achieved, and terms of monitoring, governance, audit and reporting on the project are also discussed. Presenting Business Case Involving Significant Sustainability aspects to the Decision Maker A business case is a tool that advocates and ensures that an investment is justified with regard to the strategic direction of the organisation together with the benefits it delivers. In essence, a business cases generally provides the context, costs, benefits and a set of options for key funders and decision makers. Furthermore, a business case also defines how the companys success will be achieved and measured thus guaranteeing the promised improvements are delivered. This section is a business case for Finland-Helsinki: Business Services decision makers in their pursuit to make sustainable decision making (Epstein Roy, 2003). Sustainability Business Challenges Despite managing downside risks, business value creation by inclusion of sustainable business solution or through identification of innovative ways for sustainability financing, it is important for business organisations to be drivers for competitive solutions to sustainability to help financing and addressing sustainability challenges in the future (Wu Pagel, 2011). From a global perspective, sustainability challenges are continually increasing and thus compelling business organisations to come up with long-term strategies to meet the needs of their customers as well as external stakeholders (Farrel Fraedrich, 2015). This includes the ever growing demand for natural resources to disparities in economy, and to the changing climate which has exposed business organisations to more complex and sophisticated array of trade offs as well as risks across their value chain. The exponential growth in population, the rising middle class, and economic growth coupled with rapid urbanisation are all exacerbating an increase in food demand, water use, energy, land use together with other resources. Over the last decade for instance, emerging markets have seen a 80% growth in per capita income that in turn is a recipe for increased consumption. It is expected that by 2030 more than three billion middle class consumers will further will drive up the demand for natural resources (Farrel Fraedrich, 2015). Climate change is another key stumbling block that business organisation must address in their value chain. For instance, understanding climate risks together with adaptation is vital in supporting clients for an extended period of time. The impacts of climate change are real and are experienced by business organisations as changes in rainfall patterns, rising temperatures, and storm conditions demand for new adaptation strategies (Epstein Buhovac, 2015). Given this understanding, there is public pressure to companies to cut on their greenhouse emissions. For this reason, many companies across the world are coming up with strategies to cub climate change effects through assessing their internal and supply chain emissions whereas also examining their approach to the changing climate through their entire operations and value chain (Epstein Buhovac, 2015). Business environment volatility and uncertainty have massive impacts on both consumers and business organisations. Across many countries, the rising food prices have already driven millions into destitution while disproportionately affecting the vulnerable. Significantly important to mention, high resources price, including energy, food, and water have the capacity of fuelling civil unrest especially in emerging markets (Carroll Buchholtz, 2015). In this regard, the volatility of recourse prices causes uncertainty for business organisation and thus creating risks associated with productivity investment while potentially distorting the efficiency of the supply chain. Sustainability Challenges Create Value for Businesses Sustainability is a significant factor in business organisations strategies; large multinationals as well as mid-sized firms are increasingly focusing on long-term strategies for managing sustainability risks. As such many companies have come to the realisation that through addressing sustainability issues that can achieve extended and better growth that is cost saving, brand and reputation improvement, stakeholder relations strengthening, and boosting their own bottom line (Sourani, 2011). By strategically integrating sustainability goals into the companys corporate strategy, the firm prepares itself for better understanding of long-term trends and the impacts of using resources and hence help in addressing the expectations of stakeholders. Furthermore, companies capitalise on local conditions in shaping their corporate strategies to accommodate constraints on natural resources in a manner that enables them to develop innovative products, services and business models. Accordingly, i t provides unlimited opportunities for bolstering their profitability, growth as well as adds on societal value (Haaske, Seuring, 2009). Investors and Customers value Strong ESG Performance Consumers and investors are growingly demanding for sustainable products and services, and increased scrutiny and reporting on corporate responsibility are compelling companies to strictly take into consideration to their ESG (environmental, social and Governance) performance. Accordingly, investors are considering social and environmental issues when selecting investments. In line with this observation, various sustainability frameworks, including Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) are significant tools that investors use in making informed decisions for investment (Haaske, Seuring, 2009). Moreover, the social responsible investing (SRI) market is another vital tool that enables to have a positive return on investments whereas bringing positive impacts to the society. In a similar way, environmental together with social evaluations plays an imperative role in the investors decision to allocate their capital to SRI funds (Stevenson Sum, 2002). Procurement strategies for sustainability There are several sustainable procurement strategies; however this section significantly discusses product-based and supplier-based sustainable procurement strategies. Product-Based Sustainable Procurement Strategy A product-based sustainable procurement strategy is basically designed to guide the procurement staff in making sustainable choices when procuring goods and services for the company. In this regard, a product-based procurement strategy is aimed at outlining the environmental and sustainability principles that a company must consider when making procurement decisions (Stevenson Sum, 2002). Demonstrate the current market good practices while identifying the opportunities available for pursuing sustainable procurement whereas staying within the framework of the public procurement law as well as obtaining value for money. Furthermore, it provides resources for finding knowledge and information related to sustainable development, and providing a rubric for judging the sustainability of products and services. Value for money requires that goods and services that the company purchases should take into consideration holistic life costs, quality and long terms savings. Sustainable procurement practices are in line with this requirement. In essence considering costs of a product or service for its entire life cycle including how the most environmentally, socially, and environmentally sustainable choices that can be made will result into long term savings (Adetunji, et al., 2003). Advantages of product-based sustainable procurement strategy Achieving best value for money Carbon footprint reduction Stimulate the market for sustainable technologies Improving and maintaining global living standards Environment health and improvement Save money. Disadvantages Despite the above identified advantages, product-based sustainable strategy has the following disadvantages: Loss of product uniqueness Loss of responsiveness Unsuited for some business aspects Stifles creativity and response time Supplier-Based Sustainable procurement Strategy The corporate world is continually focussing on social issues especially in supply chains including forced labour, human trafficking and slavery. In supplier-based procurement strategy, business organisations set up procurement policies that are essential in leveraging procurement and sourcing functions with a singular objective of making the supply chain sustainable coupled with long term success through minimising products environmental features, or lack thereof in the upstream supply chain (Hamza Greenwood, 2009). Accordingly, in the supplier-based sustainable procurement companies are becoming more active in evaluating, monitoring and influencing suppliers sustainability performance that leads to costs savings that are then passed on to the buyer. Furthermore, through supplier-based sustainable sourcing organisations also help in enhancing supplier disclosure together with risk management capabilities as well as anchoring information verification and exchange. Similarly, the business organisation is empowered to evaluate the supplier capabilities by addressing sustainability practices which on the other hand, drives internal and external standards improvements while facilitating disclosure and transparency (Hamza Greenwood, 2009). These organisational sustainable procurement practices in turn supports compliance with any environmental regulations which are essential in enabling the capacity to better comprehend and minimise risks associated to specific suppliers. The supplier-based sustainable procurement function credibility together with collaborative dialogue with suppliers favours the building of a sustainable supply chain that has the effect of increasing brand reputation and company value. Advantages Reduction of operational costs Management of risks and compliance with environmental regulations Disadvantages Difficult to achieve Supplier-based sustainable procurement can be perceived for larger organisations only Time and resource consuming (Fewing, 2013). Designing Tender Document for Sustainable Outcomes Also known as project scoping which involves the following attributes: Need identification: this is the initial and first stage of procurement process. The procurement decision is derived from existing contracts expiring or completing, new aims and objectives setting and the business aims and objectives review. Business Case: after the identification of the need, then the business must be prepared. Hence, when pursuing procurement that is sustainable, it is vital to include all stakeholders in the business case development (Evans Jones, 2008). Market Analysis: it is significant to assess what sustainable products, services or works are available. In many cases, these alternatives are not easily identifiable. The market analysis process gives staff more information and knowledge with regard to how the market could potentially meet the organisations needs, the available alternatives and the price that the firm will be expected to pay (Evans Jones, 2008). Risk Assessment: there are always ethical and environmental risks related to the procurement of suppliers, works, and services. The company is called upon to think about these risks prior to any procurement taking place. Aggregation: contract aggregation must be done by staff. Not only is this good for the procurement process but also is in line with procurement regulations. Aggregation provides the firm with commercial leverage together with terms for accomplishing sustainability (Need, 2006). Preparing contracts to ensure sustainability and strategic outcomes Preparing contracts is a vital phase in sustainable procurement. The specification for sustainability is placed on where the most impact can be achieved in relation to sustainable procurement. For instance, procurement staff members can specify the type of products they need to purchase such low carbon emission for a vehicle or purchasing recycled papers. It is significantly important that when preparing procurement contracts to incorporate specific sustainability to ascertain sustainable contribution. The following are the key steps that must be adhered to when preparing sustainable procurement contracts (Kenvward, et al., 2011). The specifications: defining the companys procurement requirements while at the same time asking suppliers to how they will meet the organisations requirements. Purchasing specific materials: the organisation can also insist that any products procured are made from specific materials. When preparing the contract thus, a range of materials can be specified that the company prefer using or specify that none of the procured materials are harmful to the public health as well as the environment (Kenvward, et al., 2011). Production methods: In a similar way, the organisation can specify the production methods or process use in the contract as long as they are contract relevant. For example, requirements that are not directly associated to the producer/manufacturer and do not add to its characteristics cannot be use, such as asking suppliers to use recycled paper in their offices. However, the organisation can specify for characteristics such as green electricity, sustainable timber, and food grown locally or organically (Kenvward, et al., 2011). Setting the Evaluation criteria: during procurement contract preparation it is vitally important to set the evaluation criteria. The tender can either be evaluated by the lowest price or by most economical advantageous tender (MEAT). However, in order to achieve sustainable procurement, tenders must and should be evaluated using the MEAT criterion (Dunleavy, et al., 2006). Method Statement and Case Studies: The organisation has an obligation of asking suppliers to complete a method statement of cases as part of the tender documents. Method statements and case studies help suppliers to demonstrate their deep understanding of sustainability issues in a manner that they would deal with then in a contract. For instance, how the suppliers will be able to address or minimise environmental impact (Dunleavy, et al., 2006). Alternatives or Variants: these are essentially useful way of accomplishing improved environmental performance of a contract because it empowers suppliers to be innovative. It should be understood that suppliers are experts in their own field thus by using alternatives or variants, ideas are generated and put forward that the business organisation may not be aware of or may not have thought about. Using variants and alternative is acceptable in procurement process but only when the contract document defines the minimum requirements (Dunleavy, et al., 2006). Local Labour: suppliers are encouraged to use local labour within their procurement process; nonetheless, it would discriminatory and non-transparent if the business organisation insists on the use of local workforce (Dunleavy, et al., 2006). Buying ethically: this is the process of buying goods produced ethically from companies that fairly trade in the marketplace; an attribute that must be considered at the contract preparation stage. This practice gives users various choices while eliminating discrimination against suppliers. Designing the contract administration and management regime Also referred to as letting the contract and involves the following elements: Advertising: contracts adverts are issued through electronic means or in print media. Electronic means is mainly advocated because not only does it save on paper, but also minimises the timescale (Osborne, 2010). Pre-Qualifying: after returning all the pre-qualification questionnaires have been returned, the business organisation can begin their evaluation. There are various ways of evaluating suppliers based on their sustainability, including, past experience, technical capability, environmental technical competence, and educational and professional qualification (Osborne, 2010). Evaluation of the tender: there are specific rules that must be observed when evaluating the tender. It is highly recommended not to duplicate the assessment criteria used at pre-qualification phase but rather MEAT and lower prices should used to assess bids. Sustainability tender evaluation can be achieved when: MEAT is the evaluation criteria It is directly linked to the contracts subject matter The environmental award criteria A non-discriminative criterion (Osborne, 2010) Whole life cost: the tender can also be evaluated through whole life costs; an essential way for securing sustainability. The cost incurred by the organisation mainly from production to disposal and they may include: Costs for running the project Efficiency Effectiveness costs Direct running costs Spending to save Product maintenance Disposal and recycling (Christensen Laegreid, 2010) Local Buying: through tender evaluation, it is important not to consider whether or not a product or the supplier is from within the locality. Awarding the Contract: when the contract has been awarded, it is important to provide suppliers with feedback on their tenders, not only is a good procurement practice, but also acceptable by law. With respect to sustainability, it is a useful tool in creating suppliers understanding of the organisations needs (Christensen Laegreid, 2010). Monitoring terms, governance, audit and reporting on the project, the tender and its outcomes Meeting sustainability through procurement does not come to an end after awarding the contract. However, it is highly recommended for the organisation to work closely with suppliers in order to achieve the companys objectives for sustainability. By incorporating a development plan into the tender is critical for encouraging suppliers to be innovative, providing solutions to social and environmental problems that can then be translated into future procurements. Suppliers are always keen to enhance their sustainability, and when the organisation is a big customer that provides security together with renewable, high value together with long duration contracts. Contract review or monitoring is done when the contract has been finished in good practice to share all or any successes and failures through the Organisation sector which may include sustainable issues (Bertelli Smith, 2010). Conclusion Private companies as well as public institutions are increasingly focusing on sustainability in order to increase their competitiveness in the marketplace. In accordance with this, they are streamlining all their business operations to conform to environmental sustainability. In this regard, they are turning to sustainable procurement. Given this understanding, this report has significantly explored different aspects of sustainable procurement, including how to present a business case to decision makers, different sustainable procurement strategies, designing specifications and documents to improve the tender, sustainable contract preparation, contract administration and management regime that ensures sustainability, and monitoring, governance, audit and reporting on the project. The report has exhaustively discussed sustainable procurement. Bibliography Adetunji, I., Price, A., Fleming, P. and Kemp, P., 2003, December. Sustainability and the UK construction industrya review. In Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability (Vol. 156, No. 4, pp. 185-199). Thomas Telford Ltd. Bertelli, A.M. and Smith, C.R., 2010. Relational contracting and network management. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 20(suppl 1), pp.i21-i40. Carroll, A.B. and Buchholtz, A.K., 2014. Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Christensen, T. and Lgreid, P. eds., 2011. The Ashgate research companion to new public management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Dunleavy, P., Margetts, H., Bastow, S. and Tinkler, J., 2006. New public management is deadlong live digital-era governance. Journal of public administration research and theory, 16(3), pp.467-494. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014. Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Epstein, M.J. and Roy, M.J., 2003. Making the business case for sustainability. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 9(1), pp.79-96. Evans, J. and Jones, P., 2008. Rethinking sustainable urban regeneration: ambiguity, creativity, and the shared territory. Environment and Planning A, 40(6), pp.1416-1434. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 2015. Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. 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Sourani, A., 2011. Barriers to addressing sustainable construction in public procurement strategies. Stevenson, W.J. and Sum, C.C., 2002. Operations management (Vol. 8). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Wu, Z. and Pagell, M., 2011. Balancing priorities: Decision-making in sustainable supply chain management. Journal of Operations Management, 29(6), pp.577-590. Brammer, S. and Walker, H., 2011. Sustainable procurement in the public sector: an international comparative study. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 31(4), pp.452-476. Force, S.P.T., 2006. Procuring the Future: Sustainable Procurement National Action Plan-Recommendations from the Sustainable Procurement Task Force. Ghoshal, B., 2011. Indonesia in Indias Look East Policy. Report of Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (India), p.22. Goel, S., 2016. Financial Management Practices in India. Routledge. (Goel, 2016) Gurumurthy, A., Soni, G., Prakash, S. and Badhotiya, G.K., 2013. Review on Supply Chain Management ResearchAn Indian Perspective. IIM Kozhikode Society Management Review, 2(1), pp.1-19. (Gurumurthy, et al., 2013) Meehan, J. and Bryde, D., 2011. Sustainable procurement practice. Business Strategy and the Environment, 20(2), pp.94-106. Pai, V.S., 2013. GODREJ CONSUMER PRODUCTS. Business Case Journal, 20(2). Rimmington, M., Carlton Smith, J. and Hawkins, R., 2006. Corporate social responsibility and sustainable food procurement. British Food Journal, 108(10), pp.824-837. Singh, R., Bakshi, M. and Mishra, P., 2015. Corporate Social Responsibility: Linking Bottom of the Pyramid to Market Development?. Journal of Business Ethics, 131(2), pp.361-373. Walker, H. and Phillips, W., 2008. Sustainable procurement: emerging issues. International Journal of Procurement Management, 2(1), pp.41-61.

Downloading movies and TV

Question: Write an essay onDownloading movies and TV is not a crime. Answer: Introduction The case study that has been taken revolves around the topic about downloading of movies and TV from the internet for free and is termed as not a crime. The main reason behind increased downloading in Australia is around the additional costs that come with buying the same and easy availability of the content on the Internet. Also, there are no laws that are defined to term it as a crime and thus, there is an increase of this activity among the users. New legislations and supply side of the equation are some of the solutions that have been suggested to put a check on such activities and control the same (Life, News, crime, 2014). Analysis on the basis of Classical Ethical Theories Just Consequentialism It is an ethical theory that says that the ultimate basis of rightness and wrongness of an act can be decided by the consequences on ones conduct. It says that it is the end or the final outcomes of an act that makes it ethically correct or incorrect in nature (Sinnott-Armstrong, 2003). In Australia, there is an increased download of movies and TV. There are no laws that are defined to criminalize such an act which leads to no control over it by the legislative bodies. However, as per the theory of Just Consequentialism, such an act is defined as absolutely unethical. There are reasons behind the same which are as listed below in terms of the negative consequences in such scenarios: It leads to huge loss to the makers of the movies and TV shows as they do not get the deserved revenue and cost Copyright holders can take the matter to the court by terming it as a civil issue and the downloader can be sued for such an act Compensatory damages would be levied on the downloader if proven guilty It causes harm to the business As stated above, the consequences that emerge out of the situation are negative in nature. Most commonly, downloads are done for personal use and entertainment purpose but there are many who do it on a commercial scale (Moor, 2016). There are also possible risks that are associated with such download such as an open invitation to the malicious software like virus, worms and Trojan horses. Spywares are also downloaded along with this content which may sit in the system and monitor the activities performed by the user. It can violate the security of the private and sensitive information. Virtue Ethics Another popular theory that has ethics as its basis is Virtue Ethics. It is an approach that defined the ethics on the basis of individual characteristics rather than the consequences and the act itself. The formulation of this theory is based on Eudaemonism ("Virtue Ethics - By Branch / Doctrine - The Basics of Philosophy", 2016). It says that the prime goal in life is to achieve happiness and the same can be attained by practicing virtues in everyday life and activities. In the case study, it is written that the major downloads that happen in Australia are for the personal use and entertainment purpose. As per Virtue ethics, if an act provides happiness and does not involve any malicious intention behind it, then the act is ethical in nature ("LectureforExercise1.html", 2016). There are two situations that are involved in this case study. Users who download movies and TV for personal purpose such as for entertainment or education or passing their time. Users who download the content from the internet such as movies and TV for commercial scale. These people would make money out of this content. In the first case, the virtues do not have any ill-intention or the practice of making profits over the cost of providing harm to somebody else or his or her business. However, in the second scenario, the intention is to download content for commercial purpose and at commercial scale. Virtue ethics would thus describe scenario one as ethical and scenario two as unethical in nature. Ethical Issues in ICT The present era is an era of technology and digital media. The technological advancements have given rise to the introduction of multiple ethical issues which have gained attention over the past few years and the resolution for the same is still under question. Information Communication Technology (ICT) also involves a number of different such issues that are raised on the basis of ethics. There has been a social change with the increased use of ICT and it is this change that has led to the involvement of so many ethical issues. These issues have been raised to a new and often perplexing level which has greatly affected the society in various ways. The challenges that come up with these issues are of serious impact for the individual and for the professional world as well in terms of working conditions and area of employment. However, there is still a lack of clarity and understanding around these issues which has led to hamper the design and development of resolution measures for the same (Edewor, n.d.). The most commonly occurring ethical issues in ICT are: ICT professionalism Privacy Security Cyber-crime Intellectual property Regulation on the internet Social inclusion Community and identity Pervasive and convergent computing ("CCSR:The Ethics of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Business", 2016) In the case study that is under discussion also possess the ethical issues such as: Intellectual Property Security Cyber-crime Intellectual Property is divided in to two broad categories as Copyrights and Industrial Property rights ("WTO | intellectual property (TRIPS) - what are intellectual property rights?", 2016). The download of movies and TV does lead to infringement of copyrights and provides the maker with the right to sue the downloaded by taking him/her to the civil court. Any work of entertainment or media is a work of art that involves the thought process, creative ability and the effort of the maker. These works are protected by the Copyrights to promote and protect the same. Security is another issue that emerges with the download of movies and TV. These contents may bring with them malicious software such as Spyware and Adware. These are the set of programs that are installed on a machine and are used to monitor every single activity that is performed by the user ("What is spyware and adware?", 2016). It would lead to threat to the security of confidential, private and sensitive information and would also hamper the integrity and authenticity of the same. Cyber crimes are also ethical issues that are associated with the download of digital content that is not provided from the familiar and reliable sources. For instance, the movies and their links often re-direct the users to the web sites that are malicious or may contain an application that may install an unwanted program on the system. These programs are then used by the attackers to gain information from the system and make unauthenticated and unauthorized usage of the same ("What Is Cyber Crime? - Definition, Types Examples - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com", 2016). Cyber stalking which is a byproduct of cyber crime is also possible through such unreliable downloads. The attacker might gain the IP address of the machine and may try and communicate with the same. It is a criminal through which an attacker may try to threaten or harm somebody. This crime can be perpetrated through email, social media, chat rooms, instant messaging clients and any other online medium ("What is Cyberstalking? - Definition from Techopedia", 2016). Other cyber crimes that are associated could be attack of computer viruses, denial of service attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks and many more ("What is a computer virus? definition and meaning", 2016). Conclusion Download of movies and TV is certainly not a crime as there is no law or regulating policy that is defined around the same. However, it is not ethical in nature, if done at a commercial scale as the same would lead the copyright holders to sue the downloader on the basis of a civil issue. There are a number of ethical issues that have emerged with the increase and expansion of ICT and the three broad issues that are seen as per the case study under discussion are those related to Intellectual Property, Cyber crimes and Security. There are no adequate solutions in place around such issues and it should be the responsibility of an individual to avoid such acts as far as possible. References CCSR:The Ethics of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Business. (2016). Ccsr.cse.dmu.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.ccsr.cse.dmu.ac.uk/resources/general/ethicol/Ecv8no2.html Edewor, N. Ethics and Social Issues Related to Information Communication Technology (ICT). Government, Social And Legal Issues, 135-147. https://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61692-012-8.ch009 LectureforExercise1.html. (2016). Spot.colorado.edu. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://spot.colorado.edu/~tooley/Lecture3-EthicalTheories.html Life, D., News, D., crime, D. (2014). Downloading movies and TV is not a crime. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/downloading-movies-and-tv-is-not-a-crime-20141126-11uyie Moor,. (2016). Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.idt.mdh.se/kurser/computing/DVA417/Lectures/Moor.pdf Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2003). Consequentialism. Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/ Virtue Ethics - By Branch / Doctrine - The Basics of Philosophy. (2016). Philosophybasics.com. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_virtue_ethics.html What is a computer virus? definition and meaning. (2016). BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/computer-virus.html What Is Cyber Crime? - Definition, Types Examples - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com. (2016). Study.com. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-cyber-crime-definition-types-examples.html What is Cyberstalking? - Definition from Techopedia. (2016). Techopedia.com. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/14326/cyberstalking What is spyware and adware?. (2016). Spychecker.com. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.spychecker.com/spyware.html WTO | intellectual property (TRIPS) - what are intellectual property rights?. (2016). Wto.org. Retrieved 22 May 2016, from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel1_e.htm